Posts Tagged ‘DNA’

Are you one of those people who never forgets a face? Well, it seems that the credit for your ability (or lack of ability) may go to your genes. In the current issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences new research results show that there’s a clear genetic basis for higher level perception and cognitive abilities such as facial recognition. By comparing groups of twins, scientists found that identical twins (who share 100% of their genetic material) were more than twice as likely to share the same competence level in recognizing faces, compared to non-identical twins (who share 50% of their genetic material). “We are excited about this finding because the brain mechanisms carrying out face recognition are fairly well understood, meaning that the high heritability of face recognition could provide a good opportunity to connect genes to brain mechanism and then to behavior,” said lead author, Dr. Brad Duchaine. [via PNAS]

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Scientists report today in the journal Nature that the genetic codes of two of the most commons cancers – skin and lung – have been sequenced in their entirety. It was found that melanoma skin cancer contains more than 30,000 DNA errors, mostly due to sun exposure. Lung cancer contains more than 23,000 gene errors largely as a result of cigarette smoking. The identification of these genetic errors will allow us to develop new drugs which can potentially target each of these site specifically. As well it’s conceivable that blood tests can be developed to detect DNA patterns which are unique to each type of cancer. This landmark accomplishment is the first step in the effort lead by the International Cancer Genome Consortium to catalogue all the major cancer types. Scientists in Japan are working on decoding the sequence for liver cancer, India on mouth, UK on breast, China on stomach, and the US on brain, ovary, and pancreas. [via BBC]

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The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) is a federal law that protects Americans from being treated unfairly due to differences in their DNA which may affect their health. The parts of the law pertaining to employers took effect Saturday November 21, 2009. The act prohibits employers from requesting genetic testing or using an employee’s genetic background when making decisions about hiring, firing or promotions. It also protects Americans from being forced by their employers to undergo genetic testing. In addition, it makes it illegal for health insurance companies and group plans to use a customer’s genetic information – such as a family history of a certain disease – to deny coverage or to set premiums and deductibles. [via Health Day]

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Telomeres have been a focus of anti-aging research for quite sometime. Unfortunately, no breakthroughs have yet revealed any glimmer of the fountain of youth. Telomeres are pieces of DNA that cap the ends of our chromosomes. Each time a cell divides (which is required for us to stay alive) telomeres get shorter and shorter until they reach a point where division is halted, thus putting bodily cells into a state where they can no longer renew themselves – thus is part of the aging process. However, new research focusing on Ashkenazi Jews has found that those who lived the longest had inherited a hyperactive version of an enzyme called telomerase that is able to rebuild telomeres. “In effect, centenarians tend to have a top-notch body mechanic at work 24/7 repairing the hardware that runs the body, versus a normal person whose body’s cellular control center is left to wear out with time.” Will this startling research lead to future advances in the pursuit of longevity? Only time will tell. [via Yahoo! News]

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The Science Museum of London has compiled a list of what they consider to be their top ten possessions, three of which have revolutionized the world of medicine. In the museum’s collection rests one of the world’s oldest x-ray machines, the original DNA double helix model created by Watson and Crick in 1953, and the original penicillin mold owned by Alexander Fleming that eventually led to the discovery of the penicillin antibiotic. Can you imagine medicine today without x-rays or antibiotics? Or what it must feel like to not know that DNA is the code to all life on Earth? The museum is currently displaying these items as part of their 100 Anniversary celebration. Visit the museum’s website to vote for your top scientific discovery.

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Congenital Generalized Hypertrichosis Terminalis (CGHT) is a rare condition in which the majority of one’s body, including the face, is covered in hair. Some colloquially refer to it as ‘wolf man disease.’ Until now it wasn’t exactly clear what caused the condition. However, a study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics suggests that large scale DNA changes may be the cause. By looking at the DNA of people with the disease and their unaffected relatives, scientist noticed that those with CGHT were missing some 500,000 to 900,000 DNA bases on chromosome 17. As well, in one patient there was an additional 1.4 million DNA bases on the same chromosome. It’s still unclear how these large scale changes lead to the condition. However, researchers say that understanding its genetics will likely help those with other conditions characterized by excessive hair growth or loss. Read more.

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A team of researchers from University of Wisconsin and the University of Maryland reported that they have sequenced the genomes of all 99 cataloged human rhinoviruses, the viruses that cause the common cold. Knowing the sequences of the viral genomes will allow us to understand the virus, its evolution, structure and vulnerabilities. Eventually, this may pave the way for development of drugs that will

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